In situ filter rejuvenation system

ABSTRACT

An in situ system of filter rejuvenation has a fluid inlet on a first side of a reaction chamber, a fluid outlet disposed on a second side of the reaction chamber, a filtration chamber with a first wall comprising a ceramic glass material with a pass-band in the infrared spectrum. The filtration chamber is in fluid communication with the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into the inlet passes through the filtration chamber and exits through the fluid outlet. The system has at least one infrared heating element configured to transmit infrared energy within the pass-band of the ceramic glass material to heat the filter medium disposed within the filtration chamber to a temperature of at least 260° C., which can gasify contaminants without combustion.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/003,892 filed Aug. 26, 2020, which claims priority to and the benefitof Provisional Application No. 62/891,528, filed on Aug. 26, 2019, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Many examples of treatment of chemical- and particulate-contaminatedflow are currently in use, including sewer flow treatment by mechanicalfiltration using activated charcoal as a filter medium. The advantagesof such a system include the extraction of pharmaceuticals and chemicalsfrom the flow in addition to suspended solids and particulates.

Some municipal water filtration systems use reverse osmosis filtersincorporating ceramic plates with laser drilled holes that aremicro-scale pores. It takes very powerful pumps to pump the dirty waterthrough the pores to trap all the particulate. When the plates getclogged, typically after about 20 hours of use, a tank truck ofhydrochloric acid comes to the sewer process facility and pumps acidbackward through the filters to clean them. The back wash is thentrucked to a land fill and dumped. The ceramic plates cost tens ofthousands of dollars. Such systems are very expensive to operate andgenerate a large amount of toxic waste.

Other filtration systems use activated charcoal as a filter medium.Activated charcoal is a type of carbon that is heat treated in anoxygen-free environment. This treatment creates many microscopic holesin the carbon that increase the surface area of the carbon by severalorders of magnitude. The surface of the carbon has an affinity forhydrocarbon materials. The carbon can attract and hold hydrocarbonchemical compounds up to approximately 1/10 the weight of the carbon.

Most sewer system carbon filters are used to accommodate overflow orsurge flow that exceeds the treatment capacity of a principal processingsystem. Carbon filters are typically sized to accommodate overflow orflood conditions that are anticipated to occur once or twice a year,especially when storm sewers are plumbed into sanitary sewers. After thecarbon filters are used, most conventional system operators ship theused carbon to a landfill and install new carbon.

Several currently operating plants in California and many more in Europeuse carbon filtering as the principal wastewater treatment process in asingle step solution where only a nominal expectation of a large stormflow is present; therefore, the carbon filter components of thosesystems are sized to handle all of the expected daily flow. This wouldbe a large continuing expense except that there has been an effort todevelop a method to “rejuvenate” their activated carbon and reuse thecarbon many times over.

Most sewer treatment plants using carbon block filters as a single-stepprocess operate on an exchange basis with the carbon vendors who removeand replace the carbon on a regular and scheduled basis; but some plantshave now installed rejuvenation capabilities at the sewer processingfacility. This significantly reduces the transportation costs, which canbe significant when 300,000 to 500,000 pounds of carbon are replacedevery 30 to 50 days or so.

Common to all of the existing rejuvenation technologies in operationtoday is the use of combustion fuels to heat the charcoal and gasify thecollected hydrocarbons and release them from the surface of thecharcoal. Combustive processes have a limited thermal range, which canresult in incomplete combustion of certain waste materials, and requiremechanical elements to handle the combusted strata as well as the gassesoutput from the combustion. Accordingly, conventional processes arerelatively inefficient and expensive, and produce a large amount ofcarbon dioxide gas relative to their thermal output.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Embodiments of the current disclosure are directed toward a method andapparatus for a non-combustive gasification of waste and in situ filtermedia rejuvenation system which comprises a containment vessel whosewalls are constructed of a material with infrared transmissivity andwhich is filled with a temperature-tolerant filter media (e.g., mineralfibers, porous ceramic, charcoal). In operation, a full flow of a liquidsolvent carrier (e.g., water, alcohol) with an included contaminant ispushed through the filter, allowing the contaminant to be collected bythe filter media. When the surface of the loaded media creates asufficient back pressure or the mass of the filter media increases to apredetermined level, the filter media is exchanged, cleaned orrejuvenated.

In an embodiment, a fluid filtration system for in situ rejuvenation ofa filter medium includes a fluid inlet disposed on a first side of areaction chamber, a fluid outlet disposed on a second side of thereaction chamber, a filtration chamber with a first wall comprising aceramic glass material having a pass-band in the infrared spectrum, thefiltration chamber being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet andthe fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into the fluid inlet passesthrough the filtration chamber and exits through the fluid outlet, andat least one infrared heating element configured to transmit infraredenergy within the pass-band of the infrared spectrum to heat the filtermedium disposed within the filtration chamber to a temperature of atleast 260° C.

An embodiment of a fluid filtration system may include an inlet manifolddisposed on the first side of the reaction chamber, wherein the fluidinlet is provided in the inlet manifold, and an outlet manifold disposedon the second side of the reaction chamber, wherein the fluid outlet isprovided in the outlet manifold. In an embodiment, the reaction chamberincludes a pressure bulkhead, and opposing ends of the pressure bulkheadare respectively sealed by the inlet and outlet manifolds. In anembodiment, the system includes a vacuum extraction pump coupled to thereaction chamber and configured to remove gas from the filtrationchamber.

In an embodiment, the first wall of the filtration chamber is a tubularwall, and the at least one infrared heating element includes a firstarray of infrared heaters disposed between the tubular wall and an outerbulkhead. The filtration chamber may further include a second tubularwall inside the first tubular wall, and a second array of infraredheaters may be disposed within the second tubular wall and directedtowards the filtration chamber. In an embodiment, the first and secondtubular walls are cylindrical tubes.

In an embodiment, a filtration system includes a vacuum extraction pumpcoupled to the reaction chamber and configured to remove gas from thefiltration chamber, and a gas storage tank that is coupled to the vacuumextraction pump and configured to collect the gas removed from thefiltration chamber. The reaction chamber may have a pressure bulkhead, afirst space between the pressure bulkhead and the at least one infraredheating element, and a second space between the at least one infraredheating element and the filtration chamber. The system may include apressure compensation pump in fluid communication between the firstspace and the second space and configured to maintain a pressure withinthe first space to be within a predetermined range of a pressure in thesecond space. The system may further include a filter medium of a carbonfilter material.

An embodiment of a fluid filtration system includes a reaction chamber,and the reaction chamber includes a fluid inlet disposed on a first sideof the reaction chamber, a fluid outlet disposed on a second side of thereaction chamber, a filtration chamber with a first wall comprising aceramic glass material having a pass-band in the infrared spectrum, afilter medium disposed within the filtration chamber, wherein thefiltration chamber is in fluid communication with the fluid inlet andthe fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into the fluid inlet passesacross the filter medium and exits through the fluid outlet; and a firstarray of infrared heating elements directed towards the ceramic glassmaterial of the filtration chamber and configured to transmit infraredenergy within the pass-band of the infrared spectrum to heat the filtermedium.

In an embodiment of a reaction chamber for in situ rejuvenation of afilter medium, the reaction chamber may include a fluid inlet disposedon a first side of the reaction chamber, an inlet manifold disposed onthe first side of the reaction chamber, wherein the fluid inlet isprovided in the inlet manifold, a fluid outlet disposed on a second sideof the reaction chamber, an outlet manifold disposed on the second sideof the reaction chamber, wherein the fluid outlet is provided in theoutlet manifold, a filtration chamber with a first cylindrical wallcomprising a ceramic glass material having a pass-band in the infraredspectrum, a pressure bulkhead, a filter medium disposed within thefiltration chamber, wherein the filtration chamber is in fluidcommunication with the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet so that a fluidintroduced into the fluid inlet passes across the filter medium withinthe filtration chamber and exits through the fluid outlet, and a firstarray of infrared heating elements directed towards the ceramic glassmaterial of the filtration chamber and configured to transmit infraredenergy within the pass-band of the infrared spectrum.

In an embodiment, a process of rejuvenating a charcoal media filter insitu includes stopping the flow, removing the excess liquid solventcarrier by vacuum extraction and heating the charcoal in a vacuum usinginfrared energy transmitted through the containment walls of the filtervessel. As the materials collected by the charcoal are heated to thevapor point (gasified) without combustion, they are converted to aSynGas collected as a product material. After the collected materialsare removed, the process returns the flow to the filter and begins thefiltering process again.

In an embodiment, a process for filtering a contaminated fluid and insitu rejuvenation of a filter medium may include introducing a flow ofthe contaminated fluid into a reaction chamber comprising a filtermedium and a first array of infrared heating elements separated from thefilter medium by a first ceramic glass wall having a pass-band in theinfrared spectrum, passing the contaminated fluid across the filtermedium to remove contaminants from the contaminated fluid until thefilter medium is loaded, stopping the flow of the contaminated fluidacross the filter medium, heating the loaded filter medium bytransmitting infrared energy from the first array of infrared heatingelements through the first ceramic glass wall at a frequency within thepass-band of the infrared spectrum to volatilize the contaminantstrapped in the loaded filter medium, collecting the volatilizedcontaminants, and re-introducing the contaminated fluid flow into thereaction chamber.

In an embodiment, a process for in situ rejuvenation of a filter mediumincludes introducing a flow of contaminated fluid into a reactionchamber comprising the filter medium, a first array of infrared heatingelements separated from the filter medium by a first ceramic glass wallhaving a pass-band in the infrared spectrum, and a second array ofinfrared heating elements separated from the filter medium by a secondceramic glass wall having the pass-band in the infrared spectrum,passing the contaminated fluid across the filter medium to removecontaminants from the contaminated fluid until the filter medium isloaded, stopping the flow of the contaminated fluid across the filtermedium, heating the loaded filter medium by transmitting infrared energyfrom the first and second arrays of infrared heating elements throughthe first and second wall of the ceramic glass material at a frequencywithin the pass-band of the infrared spectrum to volatilize thecontaminants trapped in the loaded filter medium, collecting thevolatilized contaminants, and re-introducing the contaminated fluid flowinto the reaction chamber.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages ofembodiments of this disclosure will become more readily appreciated byreference to the following detailed descriptions, when taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an in situ filter rejuvenationsystem;

FIG. 2 illustrates an outer water-cooled pressure bulkhead of theembodiment of the filter rejuvenation system of FIG. 1 with input vacuumrotary valve removed to reveal the input end of the infraredtransmissive chamber;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view that reveals infrared radiant sourcesthrough the outer water-cooled pressure bulkhead of the carbonrejuvenation system;

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a filter rejuvenation system withconcentric cylindrical transmissive walls;

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of infrared emitters down theinfrared-transmissive central core of the embodiment of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6A illustrates infrared transmissivity of a transparent ceramicglass;

FIG. 6B illustrates infrared transmissivity of a tinted ceramic glass;

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of an infrared heating element; and

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a process for in situ rejuvenationof a filter medium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following list provides a number of specific descriptions andexamples of components present in the figures. The descriptions in thelist are illustrative of specific embodiments, and should not beconstrued as limiting the scope of this disclosure.

Reference Markings Description 1 Source of contaminated input material 2SynGas storage tank 3 Output fluid storage tank 4 Pressure compensationsystem 5 Reaction chamber 6 Flow sensor 7 Pressure sensor 8 MachinedRefractory Input Manifold/Retainer 9 Machined Refractory ExitManifold/Retainer 11 Vacuum extraction pump 12 Illuminating laser,enabling species identification by spectroscopy 19 Pressure compensatorygas conduit 20 Input flow valve 21 Input flow conduit 22 Vacuumextraction valve 23 Vacuum conduit 24 Pressure compensation valve 25Pressure compensation conduit return 26 Sampling port valve 27 Samplingport conduit 28 Output filtered water valve 29 Output filtered waterconduit 30 Refractory lining 31 Highly infrared-transmissive interiorchamber wall 32 Pressure bulkhead 33 Cast water-cooled inner chamber 34Water-cooled inner wall into which emitters are embedded (which may becoated with refractory lining 30 on a side exposed to heat reflectedfrom transmissive walls 31) 35 Filter medium 36 Gas collection chamber37 Sensor 38 Transmissive window to the filtered flow 39 First infraredradiators 40 Inner Refractory lining 41 Highly infrared-transmissiveinterior chamber wall 42 Inner Pressure bulkhead 43 Inner castwater-cooled inner chamber 44 Water-cooled inner wall into whichemitters are embedded (coated with refractory lining 40 on side exposedto heat reflected from transmissive walls 41) 46 Inner Gas collectionchamber 47 Inner void 49 Second infrared radiators 50 Infrared radiatorelement 52 Coiled wire 54 Retainer 56 Backing 58 Temperature sensor 60Center coil of the coiled wire 62 Temperature sensor leads 64 Ceramicrefractory material 66 Ceramic insulator material

A detailed description of embodiments is provided below along withaccompanying figures. The scope of this disclosure is limited only bythe claims and encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications andequivalents. Although steps of various processes are presented in aparticular order, embodiments are not necessarily limited to beingperformed in the listed order. In some embodiments, certain operationsmay be performed simultaneously, in an order other than the describedorder, or not performed at all.

Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description inorder to provide a thorough understanding. These details are providedfor the purpose of example and embodiments may be practiced according tothe claims without some or all of these specific details. For the sakeof clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fieldsrelated to this disclosure has not been described in detail so that thedisclosure is not unnecessarily obscured.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an in situ systemof carbon filter rejuvenation, and a system for in situ carbon filterrejuvenation within a water-filtration or other filtration or solventfluid contaminant-removal system. This system makes use of at least onecylinder of ceramic glass or two or more concentric cylinders of ceramicglass, wherein the glass is formulated to have a highly efficientpassband in the infrared region of electromagnetic emission. Theinfrared transmissive reaction chamber 5 is a tubular construction thataccepts a passband of transmitted infrared energy of selectedwavelengths through 90% or more of its circumference and 90% or more ofits longitudinal axis.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate examples of two passbands of ceramic glassfor infrared energy. FIG. 6A shows transmission characteristics fornon-tinted translucent ceramic glass, and FIG. 6B shows transmissioncharacteristics for tinted or opaque ceramic glass.

The figures show that the lower passband (low frequency, longwavelength) nominally covers wavelengths from about 3,500 nm to about4,250 nm. The relationship of wavelength to temperature is given byWien's Displacement Law:

$T = \frac{2{.898} \times 10^{- 3}{m \cdot K}}{\lambda_{peak}}$

These lower passband wavelengths correspond to temperatures ofapproximately 410° C. to 550° C. (about 770° F. to about 1022° F.).

However, as presented in the transmissivity charts, the peaktransmissivity for the lower passband is at best 60%, and that is over anarrow portion of the band. Accordingly, radiant elements that operatein this lower passband are wasting at least 40% of their energy outputas ineffective localized heating.

The upper passband (higher frequency, shorter wavelength) ischaracterized by wavelengths shorter than 2,700 nm and longer than 500nm for clear ceramic glasses and for the heavily opaque ceramic glassesfrom 2,700 nm down to at least 1,900 nm. These passbands, at wavelengthscorresponding to temperatures between 800° C. and 1,250° C., are wherethe transmission of infrared radiant energy is nominally 70% to 90%efficient. Embodiments of the present disclosure may emit infraredenergy in the upper passbands of the ceramic glass materials. However,embodiments are not limited to these specific materials or passbands.

In an embodiment, the reaction chamber 5 is a component of the system inwhich filter medium 35 is stored. The mounting and support structure forthe infrared transmissive tubular construction includes components 19,21, 23, 25, 27, and 29, which are components of a fluid conveyingassembly by which the feedstream-carrying fluid moves through the systemand chemical contaminants, minerals and suspended solids are collectedby the filter medium 35. The filter medium 35 may be, for example,activated charcoal, a porous or fibrous mineral or ceramic strata, etc.Typically, a porous or fibrous mineral or ceramic strata is employed asa flat-plate filter.

In one embodiment, a cylindrical reaction chamber 5 may be filled withgranular activated carbon as a filter medium 35. Contaminated fluid(e.g., sewer flow) from source 1 passes through the ends of the filtermedium in the chamber such that the filter medium 35 removes chemicalsincluding pharmaceuticals, particulate matter, and other contaminantsfrom the output flow of filtered water to distribution center 3. In someembodiments, the contaminated fluid may be wastewater from an industrialprocess such as a mining process, a chemical manufacturing process, apharmaceutical manufacturing process, a food or produce preparationprocess, an agricultural process, etc.

The reaction chamber apparatus 5 may be constructed using machinedrefractory material as retainers for the input end 8 of the chamber'stransmissive walls. The transmissive walls may be fitted together usingmachined refractory components, while output end retainer 9 is disposedon an opposite side of chamber 5 from the input end retainer 8. Incombination, the input and output end retainers, chamber and conduitsprovide a sealed, closed-loop system.

The first infrared radiators 39 of the system supply high-temperatureradiant energy transmitted through the transmissive walls 31 to thefilter medium 35 and the collected contaminants.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of an infrared radiator element 50 thatmay be one of the first infrared radiators 39. The infrared radiatorelement 50 may be constructed of coiled wire 52 that has been set in aceramic matrix or putty 54 along with an in situ temperature measurementsensor 56. The wire may be Nickel-Chrome, or an equivalent stableresistance vs. temperature material. In an embodiment, only 30 to 40% ofeach coil sits outside of the ceramic. The configuration shown in FIG. 7allows the coiled wire 52 to be heated above its plastic deformationtemperature.

The infrared radiator element 50 may be formed by pouring ceramic into amold that sits on top of a low-density fibrous ceramic refractorythermal insulator 66. Unlike conventional emitters that use metalretention devices to secure the castable ceramic to low-density ceramicinsulation, which have a propensity for delamination because of theincompatibility of the coefficients of expansion, an embodiment of thepresent disclosure may use one or more pin or screw type retainer 54constructed from a machinable refractory with a coefficient of expansionwhich is compatible with the castable ceramic. A metal, e.g. aluminum,backing 56 may be present, but in such an embodiment the edges near theradiant energy face of the emitter may be refractory coated to form asignificant thermal barrier.

Additionally, a temperature sensor 58 in a protective sheath of amaterial such as Inconel or Stainless Steel may be embedded in thecastable ceramic such that it is embedded near center coil 60.Temperature sensor leads 62 are brought out the back of the emitter 50and routed to a controller which may monitor and control output to thecoils. In an embodiment, the protective sheath is in direct contact witha coil.

This construction restricts the emission of the radiant energy to a halfcylinder near-Lambertian surface which concentrates the power of theemissions within 45° of normal to the long axis of the emitter for mostof the emitter length.

The physical implementation of the coil embedment significantly extendsthe temperature range or wavelength of the emitter, and the embeddedtemperature sensor enables a capability for variable but preciselycontrolled radiant energy output. This capability contributes to theoptimum tunability of the infrared radiators 50 and enables the reliableprojection of infrared radiant energy through the pass band of theceramic glass material. The effective tunability of the radiant emittersspans a temperature range from less than 500° F. (260° C.) to more than2,200° F. (1,200° C.), and can be controlled to an accuracy of less than2° C.

In an embodiment, the coils 52 have a coil diameter of 12 to 17 wirediameters. The coils 52 are set inside a ceramic refractory 64 that is“cast” with the coils partially submerged into the ceramic refractory,such that only a length of wire equal to about 12 to 17 diameters of thewire is exposed to radiate above the common surface of the castableceramic refractory 64 in an array of evenly spaced and co-aligned arcs.The wire coils may be positioned in, and supported by, the ceramic suchthat the surface tension of the coils overcomes plastic deformation forthe selected range of heating.

The ceramic may be poured into a molded or machined ceramic insulator 66that is from about 18 mm to 25 mm or thick. This shell serves to providea structure that can accept the over-mold of the castable ceramic thatis used to cover the radiant element. Machined grooves may be cut intothe machinable refractory thermal insulator to assist manufacturing andthe ceramic insulator 66 effectively minimizes the transmission ofthermal energy from the embedded element to the space behind the radiantelement.

The performance of the infrared radiator element 50 shown in FIG. 7 issignificant. The limited exposure (approximately 30% of each coil isexposed outside of the ceramic) of the resistive wire coil segmentsprovides a restricted surface area from which the radiant energy createdby the current flow through the (resistive) element can escape.

In this implementation, the ceramic matrix additionally providesphysical support to most of each coil's radiant surface. This featureallows reliable operation above the plastic deformation temperature ofthe resistive element, such as nickel chromium alloy or some resistiveconductor chosen for its robust thermal performance. These super-heatedcoil segments are light enough that surface tension becomes a factorenabling the coils to maintain their shape against gravity and thusovercome plastic deformation and nearly doubling the useful temperaturerange of the emitter.

This construction restricts the emission of the radiant energy to aroundone third of the radiant element's surface area. The high performancecastable ceramic refractory 64 quickly heats up to nearly thetemperature of the radiant wire, minimizing the radiant transfer ofenergy to the ceramic, because only a portion of the radiant element isexposed to a lower temperature heat sink opportunity. By theStefan-Boltzmann Law, the effectiveness of radiant energy transfer isproportional to the fourth power of the difference in temperaturebetween the emitter and the receiver. This physical constructionrestricts the exposed portions of the radiant element to be the onlypath for the thermal energy to exit the radiant element 50.

Since less than half of the radiant surface of the conductor throughwhich the electrical current is flowing is available as a pathway forradiant energy release, the intensity or power per unit area is drivenup to approximately double the typical operating temperature for a givenelement and a stated current flow. A Lambertian surface emits radiantenergy as a cosine function of the viewing angle normal to the surface-as such, more than 70% of the radiant energy released by the radiantelement 50 is projected within 45 degrees of normal to the elementsurface.

The radiant energy from the inner side of each coil 52 is exposeddirectly to the surface of the high thermal-capacity, lowthermal-conductivity refractory material 64. The refractory 64 quicklyheats up and becomes a thermal energy radiator at nearly the sametemperature as the radiant element. Although the refractory material 64is a significant insulator and conducts very little heat away from theelement, by the Stephen-Boltzmann law it also couples very little heatinto the material from the radiant element.

When the efficiency of filter medium 35 begins to decline, as measuredby a pressure gradient between pressure sensors 7 and flow sensors 6across the flow from input to output and/or an increase in the flow ofmicro particulate at the output, as measured by illuminating laser 12and sensor 37 through transmissive window 38, or the mass of theactivated charcoal filter has significantly increased, the contaminatedflow is terminated. In an embodiment, sensor 37 is a broadbandspectroscopy camera which analyzes samples to determine contaminantlevels in filtered flow. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which samplingport 27 returns fluid to the source 1—however, in other embodiments, thesampled fluid may be conveyed to output storage tank 3 or some otherlocation.

The remaining water is removed by vacuum distillation and a ring offrequency-tunable infrared emitters 39 is used to heat the highlyinfrared-transmissive interior chamber wall 31 and the filter medium 35to temperatures in excess of 390° C. At these temperatures, chemicalsand trapped hydrocarbons from the contaminated flow are gasified orconverted to a gaseous state. The hydrocarbon gas emitted from thevolatilized hydrocarbon contaminants into gas collection chamber 36 iscollected in storage tank 2 via a vacuum extraction system 11, and maybe used as a fuel gas or as a feed material to other transformationalprocesses.

A system according to the present disclosure may be engineered toisolate the areas 33 and 36 and 47 from the emitters 39 and outerpressure bulkhead 32. All internal chambers isolate their variouscontained constituents and may use pressure sensors 7 and one or morepump in a pressure compensation system 4 to maintain pressures in thesespaces to be within a predetermined range of one another and minimizethe pressure loads across the inner chamber walls. For example, thepressure differential may be maintained to be within +/−1 psi over anoperating range of 90 psi. In some embodiments, the range may be +/−0.5psi, +/−2 psi or +/−3 psi. The precise pressure differential between theisolated areas may depend on the materials and construction techniquesused for a particular embodiment. The pressure compensation system 4 mayinterface with the internal chambers, or open spaces, through one orboth of the input and output manifolds 8 and 9.

After the collected contaminants are processed, the cylinder and thefilter medium 35 are returned to the filtering flow process activity.Material selection and design considerations are used to minimize theexpansion of materials and the resulting sealing challenges as somecomponents are heated and some are cooled. Design considerations includedimensional tolerances which are based on the coefficient of thermalexpansion (CTE) of the selected material and the range of controlledtemperatures for the system.

The ceramic glass and the insulating material used to support the glassmay have low CTE. For example, CTE values of the ceramic glass andinsulating materials may be on the order of 5-7×10⁻⁷ or less. As such,even if the ceramic glass and insulating materials are exposed to coldwater while in a very hot state they will not suffer failure due tothermal shock.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment in which a core of filter medium35 is disposed in the center of a reaction chamber 5, and an array offirst infrared radiators 39 is disposed around the filter medium. Insuch an embodiment, radiant emitters 39 are mounted inside the pressurevessel 32 and protrude through the inner refractory-lined walls 34. Thewater-cooled chamber 33 circulates water to remove heat from therefractory lining 30 of the interior walls of the chamber housing. Thecooling provided to the pressure bulkhead 32 enables the efficient andinexpensive sealing of the infrared transmissive chamber 5 from theatmosphere. The inner walls 34 are protected from the radiant energy bythe extensive use of a machinable refractory 30 to provide a thermalbarrier and limit the penetration of infrared energy.

FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate an embodiment in which a void 47 is present inthe center of the chamber. In the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5, a firstarray of infrared radiators 39 is disposed outside of an outertransmissive wall 31 and directed inward towards the filter medium 35,and a second array of infrared radiators 49 is disposed inside of asecond cylindrical transmissive wall 41 and directed outwards toward thefilter medium 35. Accordingly, the filter medium 35 is disposed within aspace between first 31 and second transmissive walls 41, and receivesinfrared energy from both arrays, significantly shortening the thermalenergy path length and increasing the exposed surface area relative toan embodiment in which void 47 is not present.

An embodiment of a process 800 for filtration of contaminated fluid andin situ rejuvenation of a filter medium 35 will now be explained withreference to FIG. 8. Elements of process 800 may be practiced inaddition to or instead of process steps described above. Accordingly,the following description is supplementary to the above disclosures, andshould not be construed as limiting.

A contaminated fluid from a source 1 is introduced into a reactionchamber 5 through input flow conduit 21 at S802. In an embodiment, thesource 1 may be a pipe or tank of municipal wastewater, agriculturalwaste, industrial waste, etc. Although only one reaction chamber 5 isshown in FIG. 1, some embodiments may comprise a plurality of reactionchambers coupled in parallel to a single source 1. In such anembodiment, one or more reaction chamber can continue to filtercontaminated fluid while one or more reaction chamber is engaged in insitu rejuvenation.

When contaminated fluid is introduced into the reaction chamber 5, thesystem may monitor flow rate through the reaction chamber at S804 todetermine the loading state of the filter medium 35 by one or more flowsensor 6 disposed in input and output flow paths. When a measured flowis below a threshold value at a predetermined pressure, the system maydetermine that the filter medium 35 is loaded.

Typically, the filter is loaded after removing contaminants from fluidover time. In some cases, the filter medium 35 may be excessively loadeddue to an inadequate rejuvenation cycle from a previous rejuvenation, inwhich case flow is stopped and filter rejuvenation may be performed asecond time. In addition, the filter medium 35 may become saturated withminerals or other materials that are resistant to volatilization afterundergoing a plurality of rejuvenation processes, in which case thefilter medium 35 may be replaced. In some embodiments, the filter medium35 is replaced after a predetermined number of rejuvenation cycles.

Pressure may be monitored at S806 to determine a state of the filtermedium 35, which may be performed in conjunction with or separate frommonitoring flow rate at S804. Pressure may be monitored by passing afluid through the filter medium 35 at a predetermined pressure andmeasuring pressure drop across the filter medium based on a differencein pressure values from pressure sensors 7 disposed at an inlet andoutlet of the reaction chamber 5. If the pressure drop is within apredetermined range, then the filter medium 35 may be determined to bein acceptable condition, and contaminated fluid may be introduced intothe reaction chamber 5 so that the reaction chamber 5 is in a normaloperational state.

The system may determine that the filter medium 35 is loaded at S808 bymonitoring one or both of pressure and flow described above with respectto S804 and S806. For example, the system may determine that the filtermedium 35 is loaded when a pressure differential between inlet andoutlet pressures exceeds a predetermined value, when the outlet pressureexceeds a predetermined value, when a flow rate at a predeterminedpressure is lower than a predetermined value, etc. In anotherembodiment, the system may determine that the filter medium 35 is loadedby monitoring the mass of the filter medium, for example by weighing thechamber 5 at various time points.

When the system determines that the filter medium 35 is loaded, flow ofthe contaminated fluid may be stopped at S810 by closing input flowvalve 20 disposed in the input flow conduit 21. After stopping the flow,the chamber 5 is evacuated at S812. The chamber 5 may be evacuated, forexample, by simply closing input flow valve 20 and allowing the chamberto drain, by activating a pump coupled to the outlet flow path from thereaction chamber 5, or injecting pressurized gas into the inlet flowpath.

The filter medium 35 is heated by activating an array of infraredradiators at S814. The infrared radiators may be activated by applyingcontinuous or pulsed energy to resistive coils of the radiators so thatthey emit infrared radiation in a frequency corresponding to thepassband of the ceramic glass material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 3 and4, first infrared radiators 39 are activated at S814, and in theembodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6, first infrared radiators 39 and secondinfrared radiators 49 are both activated.

The infrared radiation emitted from the radiators passes through theceramic glass material and heats the contaminated filter medium 35. Thefilter medium 35 may be heated to a temperature sufficient to volatilizecontaminants trapped within the filter. Persons of skill in the art willrecognize that the volatilization temperature may vary depending on thetype of contaminant. In embodiments, the filter medium may be heated toa temperature of from about 340 degrees Centigrade where most organicswill volatilize to about 700 degrees Centigrade, which is above theactivation energy where many volatilized organic molecular structureswill break down to simpler structures, and even to about 800 degreeswhere many organic simple structures will cross-link forming morecomplex structures. In some embodiments, the filter medium may be heatedto a temperature from 300 degrees Centigrade to 850 degrees Centigrade.

As the contaminants and remaining water are volatilized by the infraredradiant energy, the volatilized gasses may be removed from the reactionchamber 5 at S816 by activating a vacuum pump 11 coupled to the reactionchamber through manifold 8 and in fluid communication with the spaceoccupied by the filter medium 35 and opening vacuum extraction valve 22.In an embodiment, moisture may be removed from the emitted gasses by awater filter coupled to the vacuum conduit 23. Volatilized gasses fromthe contaminants may be syngas, which is a useful component to variousindustrial processes. The syngas or other gas emissions may be collectedin storage tank 2, after which it can be used, sold, combusted, orsequestered.

Volatilized emissions may be monitored at S818, and the monitoring canbe used to determine when the filter medium 35 has been rejuvenated andis ready to return to service. In an embodiment, a sensor 37 is coupledto the vacuum conduit 23 and monitors at least one of a concentration ofgasses and a type of gasses. Monitor the gasified hydrocarbon using theilluminating laser and the spectroscopy camera, identify and count thespecies populations; at a minimum population level, the filter has beenrejuvenated. When the concentration of one or more species of gassesfalls below a threshold value, the system may determine that the filtermedium 35 is rejuvenated. In addition, the sensor 37 may determine thetype of gasses volatilized from the contaminated filter medium tocharacterize the contents of the syngas. In still another embodiment, avacuum gauge may be coupled to the vacuum pump 11, and when a vacuumlevel falls below a threshold value, the system may determine that mostor all the contaminants have been volatilized. In such an embodiment,vacuum levels can be used to determine a level of the volatilizedcontaminants present in the vacuum stream.

When the system determines that most or all of the contaminants havebeen volatilized, the infrared radiators are turned off and the chamberis allowed to cool at S820. Cooling of the chamber may be assisted bywater cooling in one or more of walls 34 and 44. After the chamber 5 hascooled sufficiently, contaminated fluid is re-introduced into thechamber and process 800 is performed again by re-introducingcontaminated fluid at S802.

The embodiments described by the present disclosure provide numerousadvantages over conventional filtration systems and processes.Rejuvenating a filter medium in situ can reduce costs and waste comparedto conventional processes, and volatilization of contaminants canneutralize harmful materials and produce syngas, which is a usefulproduct. In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure have a lowertotal carbon footprint than existing processes.

1. A fluid filtration system for in situ rejuvenation of a filtermedium, the system comprising: a fluid inlet disposed on a first side ofa reaction chamber; a fluid outlet disposed on a second side of thereaction chamber; a filtration chamber with a first wall comprising aceramic glass material having a pass-band in the infrared spectrum, thefiltration chamber being in fluid communication with the fluid inlet andthe fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into the fluid inlet passesthrough the filtration chamber and exits through the fluid outlet; andat least one infrared heating element configured to transmit infraredenergy within the pass-band of the infrared spectrum to heat the filtermedium disposed within the filtration chamber to a temperature of atleast 260° C.
 2. The fluid filtration system of claim 1, furthercomprising: an inlet manifold disposed on the first side of the reactionchamber, wherein the fluid inlet is provided in the inlet manifold; andan outlet manifold disposed on the second side of the reaction chamber,wherein the fluid outlet is provided in the outlet manifold.
 3. Thefluid filtration system of claim 2, wherein the reaction chamberincludes a pressure bulkhead, and opposing ends of the pressure bulkheadare respectively sealed by the inlet and outlet manifolds.
 4. The fluidfiltration system of claim 3, further comprising a vacuum extractionpump coupled to the reaction chamber and configured to remove gas fromthe filtration chamber.
 5. The fluid filtration system of claim 1,wherein the first wall of the filtration chamber is a tubular wall, andthe at least one infrared heating element includes a first array ofinfrared heaters disposed between the tubular wall and an outerbulkhead.
 6. The fluid filtration system of claim 5, wherein thefiltration chamber further comprises a second tubular wall inside thefirst tubular wall, and a second array of infrared heaters is disposedwithin the second tubular wall and directed towards the filtrationchamber.
 7. The fluid filtration system of claim 5, wherein the firstand second tubular walls are cylindrical tubes.
 8. The fluid filtrationsystem of claim 1, further comprising: a vacuum extraction pump coupledto the reaction chamber and configured to remove gas from the filtrationchamber; and a gas storage tank that is coupled to the vacuum extractionpump and configured to collect the gas removed from the filtrationchamber.
 9. The fluid filtration system of claim 1, wherein the reactionchamber has a pressure bulkhead, a first space between the pressurebulkhead and the at least one infrared heating element, and a secondspace between the at least one infrared heating element and thefiltration chamber.
 10. The fluid filtration system of claim 9, furthercomprising: a pressure compensation pump in fluid communication betweenthe first space and the second space and configured to maintain apressure within the first space to be within a predetermined range of apressure in the second space.
 11. The fluid filtration system of claim1, further comprising the filter medium, wherein the filter mediumcomprises a carbon filter material.
 12. A fluid filtration system thatincludes a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber comprising: a fluidinlet disposed on a first side of the reaction chamber; a fluid outletdisposed on a second side of the reaction chamber; a filtration chamberwith a first wall comprising a ceramic glass material having a pass-bandin the infrared spectrum; a filter medium disposed within the filtrationchamber, wherein the filtration chamber is in fluid communication withthe fluid inlet and the fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into thefluid inlet passes across the filter medium and exits through the fluidoutlet; and a first array of infrared heating elements directed towardsthe ceramic glass material of the filtration chamber and configured totransmit infrared energy within the pass-band of the infrared spectrumto heat the filter medium.
 13. The fluid filtration system of claim 12,wherein the first array of infrared heating elements is configured toheat the filter medium to a temperature of at least 260° C.
 14. Thefluid filtration system of claim 12, further comprising a vacuumextraction pump coupled to the reaction chamber and configured to removegas from the filtration chamber.
 15. The fluid filtration system ofclaim 12, wherein the first wall of the filtration chamber has acylindrical shape.
 16. The fluid filtration system of claim 12, furthercomprising: an inlet manifold disposed on the first side of the reactionchamber, wherein the fluid inlet is provided in the inlet manifold; andan outlet manifold disposed on the second side of the reaction chamber,wherein the fluid outlet is provided in the outlet manifold.
 17. Thefluid filtration system of claim 16, wherein the reaction chamberincludes a pressure bulkhead, and opposing ends of the pressure bulkheadare respectively sealed by the inlet and outlet manifolds.
 18. The fluidfiltration system of claim 12, wherein the filtration chamber furthercomprises a second wall inside the first wall, and a second array ofinfrared heaters is disposed within the second wall and directed towardsthe filtration chamber.
 19. The fluid filtration system of claim 18,wherein the first wall and the second wall are cylindrical walls.
 20. Areaction chamber for in situ rejuvenation of a filter medium, thereaction chamber comprising: a fluid inlet disposed on a first side ofthe reaction chamber; an inlet manifold disposed on the first side ofthe reaction chamber, wherein the fluid inlet is provided in the inletmanifold; a fluid outlet disposed on a second side of the reactionchamber; an outlet manifold disposed on the second side of the reactionchamber, wherein the fluid outlet is provided in the outlet manifold; afiltration chamber with a first cylindrical wall comprising a ceramicglass material having a pass-band in the infrared spectrum; a pressurebulkhead; a filter medium disposed within the filtration chamber,wherein the filtration chamber is in fluid communication with the fluidinlet and the fluid outlet so that a fluid introduced into the fluidinlet passes across the filter medium within the filtration chamber andexits through the fluid outlet; and a first array of infrared heatingelements directed towards the ceramic glass material of the filtrationchamber and configured to transmit infrared energy within the pass-bandof the infrared spectrum.